The displays and controls should be reliable, effective, and be accessible to everyone in the space. NOT PUBLIC FOOTAGE. Control Room Console Manufacturer: Console manufacturers design and build technical furniture solutions for 24/7 mission-critical work environments. Workstation interfaces allow control room operators to: Input a set of parameters. Observe the plant’s response to these inputs. TRANSMITTERS 9. 1. Most relevant. Getty Images. , McDonald, R. About us. These documents might include the Updated Final Safety Analysisin the utility system by switching elements into or out of the utility system. Find Nuclear Power Plant Control Room stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, 3D objects, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. Video Wall Frames and Mounting Systems - Inracks NOC Control Room Furniture Solutions. Create a safe and comfortable workspace in your command center. Eliana Brazda. (eds) Advances. All furniture is assembled in our factory first, allowing. By Plant Electrician on October 29, 2022. J. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. 106. The proposed staffing of a NuScale power plant of up to 12 modules by a minimum shift crew of two senior reactor operators (SROs) and a single reactor operator (RO), from a single control room, is adequate for safe operation of the plant. 60+ MINUTES OF INSIDER’S VIEW. Today let us consider surveillance. examples on some selected control room design and man-machine interface practices for operation and surveillance of nuclear power plants. Salary ranges can vary widely depending on the city and many other important factors, including education, certifications, additional skills, the number of years you have spent. Italian. Whether you need Control Room Furniture for a new control room or an upgrade for your command center, Evosite will make your operation more efficient with premium control center solutions that improve operator performance & operator. Unlike a desk for a typical 9-to-5 office worker, which would be used 40 hours a week, these consoles are used 168. Power Plant Control in Large Scale PV Plants. This paper deals mainly with thermal plants such as steam power units, gas-fired combined-cycle power plants and waste incineration plants in terms of integrating both process and electrical control into one consistent system. Configurations with four or more power receive a Circuit Breaker Cord. The Evolution Media Wall from Thinking Space Systems is a mounting solution for large flat screen monitors. 5 Signs You Need New Command Center Desks. console furniture, control room furniture, DCS, SCADA Category console furniture, control room design, DCS Design, Distributed Control System, SCADA Design, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. Choose a solid color side panel or wood grain texture. Our solutions and accessories are ergonomically designed and engineered for intensive and continuous-use for government. max obj fbx 3ds unknown Sale. Show more control room operator responsibilities. , Hallbert, B. : Commercial utility perspectives on nuclear power plant control room modernization. Mar 6, 2023 - Explore Bob's board "Control Rooms and Controls" on Pinterest. We will also provide a free consultation to determine your needs and specifications before the design begins. A Basin Electric Power Plant Control Room Operator's compensation ranges from $66,114 to $93,895, with an average salary of $78,029. In 2021, a Control Room Design from Evosite will deliver a solution that optimize efficiency, reduce costs, and streamline workflows for your command center. 40% Complete (success) by. There you have it – a few benefits of investing in control center design. Steel, Power Plants, Aviation, Cement, Marine, Smart City & Surveillance and many more. This report highlights the recent completion of this reconfigurable, full-scale, full-scope control room simulator buildout at the Idaho. ONLY IN ENGLISH. The standards for both control room design and 24/7 furniture have evolved. This is the second installment in our multi-part look at control room furniture and design across a variety of industries. The revision of RG 1. The following advanced solutions show how special control room furniture can assist operators in handling the increasingly complicated operating challenges in these 24 hour, 365 day environments. Video control room furniture is the type of furniture that helps. Synergy Control Consoles. e. The task-specific furniture, desk, or workstation designed for mission-critical command centres is referred to as the control room console. They may also earn additional compensation in the form of overtime. POSITIONERS 13. As the biomass power plants are mostly built in rural regions, on-site service for these locations is inconvenient and costly. @article{osti_1261010, title = {A Pilot Study Investigating the Effects of Advanced Nuclear Power Plant Control Room Technologies: Methods and Qualitative Results}, author = {BLanc, Katya Le and Powers, David and Joe, Jeffrey and Spielman, Zachary and Rice, Brandon and Fitzgerald, Kirk}, abstractNote = {Control room. Full-time. Learn more about Sustema's furniture solutions for the process control industry. FREE QUOTE or CONSULTATION. Control rooms are the nerve center of a power plant, where operators monitor and control the plant’s equipment and systems. Make sure control room console furniture is easy to dispatch and reconfigure. Vertices: 45. There are 54 OEM, 47 ODM, 21 Self Patent. based on the guidelines from "Nuclear Power Plant Control Room Ventilation System Desig~n for Meeting General Design Criterion 19", 13th AEC. Consider cable management of your control room console furniture. Human power is generated from the ability to maintain 100% focus and 100% productivity for long periods of time. The game consists of an underground facility in the Arctic where experiments are done as a scientist, or patrols of the area as a security guard, fending off infected individuals with signs of. Manufacturing. We will take a look at some of these industries in our upcoming series of articles on how the role of console furniture has become more important to other types of niche markets over the past decade. or $79/mo w/ 60 mos financing - In Store Offer. Control Room Design for Efficient Plant Operation. Releases of hazardous chemicals, onsite and off-site, can result in the nearby control room becoming. the layout of control rooms and the arrangement of panels, VDUs etc to ensure effective ergonomic operation of the plant in. The staff’s final safety evaluation report on the NuScale control room staffing plan topicalInracks is always available to assist with your control room furniture and design needs. 9-1-1 dispatch console. The furniture in the control room helps these workers do their jobs by providing them with places to sit, stand, and store their materials. Download (4. Custom phenolic work surface materials available on request. Key Features of Modern Command Center Desks. Whether you need Control Room Accessories for a new command center or an upgrade for your operation, Evosite will help you run more efficient with premium solutions that improve operator performance & operator awareness, as well as reduce. This new evolution in design for modern control rooms offers the flexibility and durability required for 24/7 mission-critical work environments. Mission control at Johnson Space CentreThe Best New Options for Super Ergonomic Control Room Workstations. This eliminated the need to staff the substations 24/7 even if the substations were some distance from the power plant control room. 跳至内容. 369 Power plant control room operator jobs in United States. The production base area is nearly 30,000 square meters. Guidelines for digital control room of nuclear power plants have been developed recently by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NUREG 700, 2002). You can find the Sign Of Things To Come audio slate in the Power Plant Control Room on the desk by the computer at the back of the room. Control room design for the future The control room is the most important room in your facility – it’s where daily decision-making affects corporate goals and return on plant assets. For more information on Inracks ‘ SCADA and DCS systems, please contact us here or call us at 800-346-7521. ABB's unique control room consoles specially designed and optimized for 24/7 operations reduce operator's fatigue, create alertness and improve user health and well-being. The MOST ADVANCED console design software is here! WELS is a console design software tool that makes control room design and layout fast, easy, accurate and fun! This interactive, Winsted-exclusive, user-friendly, 3D control room design software program lets you use Winsted consoles and furniture to quickly design control room solutions that. 5 Signs You Need New Command Center Desks. According to the individual needs of different customers, we provide perfect customized control room consoles solutions. La Grange, IL: American Nuclear Society. This attractive ergonomic environment helps operators do a better, more effective job, thereby enhance plant availability, profitability and safety. The control room must therefore be designed accordingly. By using computer controls, control room operators must monitor and maintain plant equipment and indicators for proper operation. $4,699. @article{osti_6168350, title = {Near-term improvements for nuclear power plant control room annunciator systems. 7. 1000+ Organizations have chosen Pyrotech Workspace Solutions. Many of the U. 2018. JWICS vs SIPRNET and the Role Each Plays in National Security. Power factor control is an additional requirement in controlling reactive power, making sure that the plant can stick within a leading and lagging 0. Specifications & Master Specs. S. See How. Old control room of a power plant (Image Source: Reddit) In modern days, the physical aspects of control rooms have significantly changed since the 1900s. The power plant controller (PPC) facilitates comprehensive regulation of active and reactive power as well as the voltage of heterogeneous PV systems. (Credit: INPO) IAEA BULLETIN, 2/1988Psychological Profile of a Power Plant Control Room Operator. com. JWICS vs SIPRNET and the Role Each Plays in National Security. Lighting in control rooms can be tricky. These numbers represent the median, which is the midpoint of the ranges from our proprietary Total Pay Estimate model and based on salaries collected from our users. NSC Power Plant Hidden Location Levitate all the way to the top of the power plant in the center of the room. Not Being User-Friendly. The power plant control room should be designed with ergonomics in mind. According to plant terminal entries, there was a meltdown on April 28, 2077, shortly before the park was scheduled to open for that year's season. Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant control room in 1990. Innovation Arctic Base is a sequel to the previous game Innovation Research Labs (Innovation Labs). Available spill-proof simplexes. Steven Sieja Energy-Utilities-Power-Console-Furniture-3 01. com Website: The development of advanced Main Control Room (MCR) console of the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) in the world is overviewed, and the brief introduction of corresponding techniques used in the various NPP MCR consoles is given. , Dorsett Controls, Cogentrix Energy Power Management, LLC, McCain Foods USA, Inc. The goal of every design service is to ensure that operations are safe, swift, collaborative, and efficient, as well as keep. Takashi Naito 1 Naoto Takano 2 Eiichirou Inamura 2 Abdelmoumène Hadji 3. All control room furniture comes with a 10-year guarantee and, wherever possible, conforms to BS11064 for control room design. ) have operated reliably and efficiently for decades. The average Power Plant Control Room Operator salary in Washington is $89,361 as of September 25, 2023, but the range typically falls between $80,941 and $98,756. Abstract. A nuclear power plant simulator is an effective, efficient training tool used widely in the international nuclear industry. 95 power factor. The USA's NuScale Power has commissioned a second small modular reactor (SMR) control room simulator to model the operation of its nuclear power plant design. Canyon Zephyr 4842-60. Benchmark stands up to these 24x7, multi-shift environments with its durable, welded steel construction & protective work surface edging. close. Browse 873 power plant control room videos and clips available to use in your projects, or search for nuclear power plant control room to find more footage and b-roll video clips. , about three hours after the initial explosion. Whatever the location, control rooms should be designed to ensure that the risks to the occupants of the control room are within acceptable limits and that it is suitable for the purposes of maintaining plant control. Nguyen, H. The control room is where operators perform plant operations using control systems every day, and a safe, comfortable, and functional environment helps operators to run the plant. Step 2: Choose Your Side Panel and Door Color. $50 $ 35. Available in standard and custom HPL colors. 1 MB) Published Date: 2011. Learn more. provide data concerning system parameters (voltage, current flow, power flow) for use in operating the utility system. or $392/mo sugg payments w/ 12 mos financing - Online Offer. Choose a solid color side panel or wood grain texture. 350 open jobs for Power plant control room operator. All of our console product lines include. and Seidenstein, S. But fewer and fewer operators and plant staff have to deal with more and more information. A description of the control room and CRE may be contained in a number of plant documents. You will learn, e. com Website: power plant control room is evolving into an almost office-like setting, typically quiet and with few staff. The primary role of a control room operator in any given industry is to monitor operations. Years of experience utilizing these methods and developing best practices in Command & Control Room Design lead us to develop a specialized and proven process. Steven Sieja Energy-Utilities-Power-Console-Furniture-1 01. Biomass Power Plants Kaidi, China Wuhan Kaidi Electric Co. The Right Monitor Wall Can Provide Unparalleled Visuals in a Surveillance Room. Company Info: Inracks LLC Address: 78 John Glenn Drive Amherst, New. FIRST TIME IN THE HISTORY: CONTROL ROOM #4. Available in standard and custom HPL colors. Control Room Operators work at all kinds of power plants, including coal, gas, nuclear, hydroelectric, and wind and solar power. Full scale models would be created in Calder Hall. A nuclear power plant control room system is a socio-technical system (c. One that made a significant difference to my Power Plant Janitorial Powers! My Janitorial Master was Pat Braden. The first time they showed the nuclear power plant control room really portended how bad this movie was going to be. A Cps Energy Power Plant Control Room Operator's compensation ranges from $67,831 to $96,391, with an average salary of $80,079. Nuclear Power Plant Control Room Blender: $50. There are three (3) main principles that should be integrated for safety within the control room layout: 1. How To Unlock Power Plant Door Prey (Reactor Control Room Prey)Prey is a first-person shooter video game developed by Arkane Studios and published by Bethesd. control room console. Depending on the specific plant type some other components, such as a static starter. Petrochemical. It appears on 7. Waneta Dam has been wholly owned by BC Hydro since July 2018 after Fortis BC finalized an agreement with Teck to sell its 66% interest in the dam, but BC Hydro had first rights. Monitor Tilter Mechanism Can Tilt Over 200 Degrees. In June of 1954 in Obninsk, the Russians upped the ante by using the model to generate enough electricity to operate an entire power grid. For example, Porthin et al. Mount Rotates 360 Degrees. Inracks’ console systems have been carefully engineered and field tested to meet many. Power, Communications & Lighting. Gettysburg, PA 17325. He ordered the operators to keep pumping water into the. This Plant Control Design Handbook (PCDH) document defines standards for all ITER plant system. Due to a lack of human factors, the system’s control room at Three Mile Island had confusing user interfaces and unclear indicators [5]. The production base area is nearly 30,000 square meters. Yokogawa has been designing control rooms for various industries for over 30 years. Above work surface mounted with high gloss finish. 1000 Prospect Hill Road Windsor, Connecticut 06095 203/285-4177 ABSTRACT The power industry has seen a continuous growth of size and complexity of nuclear power plants. VAR Control. When a consultant comes on the property, they will make various recommendations that will help to create the perfect setup for your needs. Standard Power/Data Grommets. Abstract and Figures. associated with existing power plant control room systems. A power plant control room is a room where people work to operate and monitor the equipment in a power plant. Unique, modular, space-saving and ergonomic control room designs for critical 24/7 processes in any industry, utility or public facility. control room console. SAFETY DEVICES AND INTERLOCKS 4. Graphite Nebula 4623. 1 Identification of the Control Room and the CRE Confirmation of a facility's ability to meet CRH requirements begins with the identification of the control room and the CRE. Department of Energy’s Light Water Reactor Sustainability program has developed a control room simulator in support of control room modernization at nuclear power plants in the U. Canyon Zephyr 4842-60. Grey Glace 4142. The control room operator’s actions have a. control room cooling tower silo boiler generator and more. The Enterprise console is available in solid or woodgrain color. Contact Our Experts. Abstract: In nuclear power plants, many accidents are caused by human errors. Steven Sieja Control Room Consoles for Power Plant and Energy Sector 02. Depending on the specific plant type some other components, such as a static starter. The top companies hiring now for power plant control room operator jobs in United States are Archaea Energy, LLC, Continuum Services, Messer North America, Inc. The definintion by Hendrick and Kleiner, 2001), an “integration of the human-machine interface, the control room staff, operating procedures, training programme, and associated facilities or equipment which together sustain the proper. 5 Signs You Need New Command Center Desks. Weekends as needed +3. $50. French . 9-1-1 dispatch console. . For more information, please contact. 1 Coal handling 7 2. CONTROLLERS 11. The side panel color is 100% customizable. • Enhanced situational awareness. Download 3D Model. Winsted's power plant control room consoles maximize operator comfort and reduce fatigue; learn more about our control room furniture options. ROOM UPGRADES IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Ronald L. 97/hour) Top 10% Annual Salary:. 2. 6 Looking Out. G. Get fresh plant control room operator jobs daily straight to your inbox! By clicking the button above, I agree to the ZipRecruiter and acknowledge I have read the , and agree to receive email job alerts. Getty Images. THE CONTROL ROOM POWER AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK INDIAN POINT 3 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DOCKET NO. The task-specific furniture, desk, or workstation designed for mission-critical command centres is referred to as the control room console. Southwest Solutions Group provides design and installation services for custom control room furniture. unknown Sale. Key Features of Modern Command Center Desks. Girouard of Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd for his help in. Evosite offers control room tables and consoles that are purpose-built to support your layout, improve the lighting, and reduce ambient noise. Video control room furniture is the type of furniture that helps. A full-scope control room simulator is the primary training tool used in these programmes [2]. Power plant control room operators’ salaries vary depending on their level of education and experience, the company size and geographic location. JWICS vs SIPRNET and the Role Each Plays in National Security. The control room architectures were also made representative of both plant types. L. In main control rooms of nuclear power plants (NPPs), operators often have to. 1 Mills (Pulverisers) 7. We have more than 424 million images as of September 30, 2022. Providing a safe and comfortable environment for the room operators through an optimized control room is also of paramount importance. L. These requirements tend to be relatively. The first test of a nuclear power station’s design was held in 1948, in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where the installation was used to power a light bulb. Two recent control room upgrades at U. It also allows for easy identification of bottlenecks and failure points that cause the most downtime. Tao et al. Above work surface mounted with high gloss finish. The control room operator’s actions have a direct impact on up-time, production output, quality, and safety. Loden Zephyr 4844. 98. The power plant control room furniture needs to be designed for improving operator comfort and efficiency. Therefore, you will often find operators stationed at a control room table with plenty of information-filled monitors to analyze and watch over. The control room is that plant area in which actions can be taken to operate the plant safely under normal conditions and to maintain the reactor in a safe condition during accident situations. Human factors enhancement of existing nuclear control rooms. ”. CONTROL. Conventional Nuclear Power Plant Control Room, Phase 1: Installation of a Utility Simulator at the Idaho National Laboratory (Boring et al. 15. 37 Power Plant Control Room Operator jobs available in California on Indeed. , Boring, R. Ross Davies December 10, 2018. Discover your next control room solutions with Pyrotech Workspace. Consoles are used in a wide variety of applications such as command centers, 9-1-1 dispatch centers, PSAPs, EMS, crisis rooms, air traffic control centers, security monitoring centers, and. com Website: room design, in brief, is an investment in functionality, safety, and productivity. Whether you need Control Room Furniture for a new control room or an upgrade for your command center, Evosite will make your operation more efficient with premium control center solutions that improve operator performance & operator awareness, as well as reduce operator turnover & operator fatigue. We designed the Summit Line with the ergonomic. S. command & control center console, technical furniture, paraphernalia interiors. x Improved critical path to restart plant after outages x Remote operation of local control panels x Computerized operator support systems to diagnose and troubleshoot emerging plant conditions x Paperless control room processes A Business Case Methodology (BCM) was employed to quantify the potential benefits for the NPP [1]. If you are in the market for such products, we highly recommend us as the best manufacturing factory that you contact us here 24/7. 78 describes an approach that is acceptable to the NRC staff to meet regulatory requirements for evaluating the habitability of a nuclear power plant control room during a postulated hazardous chemical release. According to the individual needs of different customers, we provide perfect customized control room consoles solutions. Boring, R. The “Data Highway. Our team of design, production, and installation professionals know that the right table or console will combat fatigue to reduce operator turnover and maximize your efficiency. Therefore, you should ensure that everything inside the control room is easy to find and use. Manufacturing. It is necessary to follow a meticulous seismic qualification process that starts with design and doesn’t wrap up until the piece of furniture is properly. Inracks LLC Address: 78 John Glenn Drive Amherst, New York 14228 Phone: 800-346-7521 Fax: 716-691-8301 Email: customerservice@inracks. All furniture comes with a 10 year guarantee and the reassurance that all designs conform with British Standards for control room builds: BS 11064. Joe0000-0001-8295-8519 1, Casey Kovesdi0000-0002-3573-6769 1, Jacques Hugo0000-0002-3095-2753 1 and Gordon Clefton2 1Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID83415, USA Jeffrey. console furniture, control room consoles, control room design, control room furniture, data center solutions, designing a control room, Law Enforcement AV networks, command center. Deluxe Control Room Noc Furniture 2017 – 22 . The first test of a nuclear power station’s design was held in 1948, in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where the installation was used to power a light bulb. With decades of experience in video wall display technology, our video wall experts design our large scale display systems. Utilize GE Mark V and Delta V DCS systems. Previous. The power plant control room should be designed with ergonomics. Control room operations is the most common skill found on resume samples for control room operators. Power Plant Control Room: How to Bridge the Gap from Stepwise V&V to final ISV. This enables fast and stable control at the grid connection point. Proliferation of information available to plant control rooms only strengthens the need to make it meaningful and usable to. We have 31 generating stations sending electricity along 75,000 kilometres of power lines that range over mountain tops and river valleys, forested wilderness and high density. Southwest Solutions Group provides design and installation services for custom control room furniture. Cloud Nebula 4630. plant & process, transport and broadcast environments. The central control room of nuclear power plant. 15. Its scope is the design of control rooms of nuclear power plant and it is the only inter-national standard specified to the control room design on NPP. It’s essential to ensure that all areas of the control room building are well-designed and equipped with the necessary amenities to ensure the smooth and efficient operation of the solar power plant. Initial situationand objectives • For the 16 newly constructed biomass power plants, Wuhan Kaidi needed a reliable supplier for the DCS for 18 units. The U. CGM optimizes control-room layouts. When you reach the highest spot, you’ll get your reward. Jan 28, 2019 - 35 pictures, 5 x7 pictures vertical, 10 mmRevolution Control Consoles. Chairs, Tables, Consoles, Workstations, and Accessories for The Modern Control Room. That certainly was the case when we supplied custom configured control room furniture solutions for Aramco, ConocoPhillips, DuPont, Dow, OXY, PEMEX, Shell and others. The Enterprise side panel color and inset is 100% customizable. Step 2: Choose Your Side Panel and Door Color. Power Plant Control Room; Process Control; Education; GSA Schedule Consoles; NIPRNet/SIPRNet Compliant; Enterprise Brochure; Shipping; Material Specifications. A description of the control room and CRE may be contained in a number of plant documents. An impressive feat for a water-powered plant. Inside the broadcasting studios of a German radio station, 1972. PROFESSIONAL GUIDE. Video control room furniture. Ergonomic Chairs. m. 51,300 Plant Control Room Operator Jobs. Various configurations of power, data and USB. He is the same age…Viewing the control room system as a socio-technical system corresponds to the rationale behind this statement. Boring, R. S. 5 Signs You Need New Command Center Desks. The definintion by Hendrick and Kleiner, 2001), an “integration of the human-machine interface, the control room staff, operating procedures, training programme, and associated facilities or equipment which together sustain the proper functioning of the. Don’t take this chance. com Website: now offers a 7X24 designed EOC, OCC, MOCC military control room style console solution available thru the GSA schedule. The Edge 911 Sit-Stand Consoles provide maximum operator control and comfort for demanding 7x24 hour operations. Inracks specializes in the design, manufacturing, installation, and field support of control room consoles and command center furniture for mission critical facilities, emergency dispatch / 911 call centers, and network operations centers (NOCs). Scarola Combustion Engineering, Inc. the justification for smaller control room crew size for advanced reactors designs by evaluating function and task analyses for normal operations and accident management. the design process of control rooms for nuclear power plants. We recommend black as the inset color, but can be specified as any. With this in mind, we design, coordinate, install and service spaces that efficiently, effectively and ergonomically meet. One-touch power control with adjustable positions, Easy View™ adjustable headrest and zero-draw USB plug-in; Zero-draw technology only consumes power when the USB. room Local HMI Control panel * “2 out of 3” is a voting logic that produces an output by selecting the majority vote from 3 inputs. , 2012). 10. 6 Looking Out. English English Russian . According to the individual needs of different customers, we provide perfect customized control room consoles solutions. The average control room operator resume is 0. CPU-A CPU-B CPU-C C-PIO SVD 2 out of 3*Inracks LLC Address: 78 John Glenn Drive Amherst, New York 14228 Phone: 800-346-7521 Fax: 716-691-8301 Email: customerservice@inracks. Use arrow keys. The Right Monitor Wall Can Provide Unparalleled Visuals in a Surveillance Room. The second to last thing considered is the environment and acoustics, including temperature, lighting, and vibration. 1. Yokogawa has been designing control rooms for various industries for over 30 years. Control room furniture for oil and gas control rooms and chemical processing plants often needs to accommodate specialized equipment or existing controls equipment. At Sustema, our consoles are designed with a firm understanding of the rigorous conditions that operators face in the control room environment. The U. Nuclear Power Plant Control Room Blender: $50 $ 35. Wrapping Up. 5 On the Air. This article describes some of the technologies that will help. B. T. Power Plant Control Room; Process Control; Education; GSA Schedule Consoles; NIPRNet/SIPRNet Compliant; Enterprise Brochure; Shipping; Material Specifications. CONTROL. TEMPERATURE SENSORS 8.